Photographs of Mindanao, Philippines:
Rituals and Ceremonies


Click on picture for full-sized view (47 kB).


 

A Bukidnon woman wearing her traditional costume. She is preparing betel nuts to be offered during the annual pangampû ceremony. These betel nuts are ornamented with a special check pattern carved into the green skin, and a folded leaf is inserted into a slit cut into them. These betel nuts which remind one of sailing ships are called binangan, and they are especially dedicated to the highest God Magbabaya.

Kalasungay, Malaybalay, Bukidnon. December 17, 1983, nine o'clock in the morning.
 

Click on picture for full-sized view (73 kB).


 

Every year, the Bukidnon and Talaandig people in many places celebrate their community ceremony pangampû to improve their relationship with their highest God Magbabaya. Before the proper pangampû ceremony, the people of Kalasungay usually go to the “stone palace.” This is a big boulder in the shape of a boat, right on top of a hill, at some hundred meters’ distance from the location where the actual pangampû is performed. The deities (Buntudanen or Talabuntud, “mountain dweller”) are invited to come down to attend the main ceremony. This short ritual during which, in this case, two chickens were killed is a local variation performed only in Kalasungay, additional to the main pangampû ceremony. Note the shallow agung which is set up upside down as an altar. In the center of this agung, there is a betel nut offering binangan, as described above.

Kalasungay, Malaybalay, Bukidnon. December 17, 1983, nine o’clock in the morning.
 

Click on picture for full-sized view (80 kB).


 

During the above mentioned additional part of the pangampû ceremony at Kalasungay, there is also dancing of binanug (“hawk dance”) to the sounds of a small gong (agung) right on top of the “stone palace” to honor and please the deities.

Kalasungay, Malaybalay, Bukidnon. December 17, 1983, nine o’clock in the morning.
 

Click on picture for full-sized view (78 kB).


 

Ceremonial site for the pangampû ceremony which can only be reached from barangay Kalasungay by walking through the forest for about half an hour. The four altars (bangkasu) are set up already, although not decorated yet: the high altar on the left, meant for the deities themselves, is connected to the ground by a kind of “spirit ladder” which the deities will use in ascending. Connected to this altar on the right side is the altar for the offerings to be eaten by the general community; in the foreground, there is the altar for the bad spirits or deities of conflicts (Talabusaw) where the weapons are placed and the hunters and fighters will be sitting; in the background, the altar for the datus and other local dignitaries can be seen.

Kalasungay, Malaybalay, Bukidnon. December 17, 1983, nine o’clock in the morning.
 

Click on picture for full-sized view (69 kB).


 

During the first part of the pangampû community ceremony of the Talaandig. The pig to be sacrificed is tied to the ground. The priest (baylan) and other men are inviting the deities to attend the ceremony in a collective prayer (pandalawit) at the end of which the pig will be killed.

Songco, Lantapan, Bukidnon. December 31, 1983.
 

Click on picture for full-sized view (60 kB).


 

Killing of the pig during a pangampû ceremony. PANAMIN (“Presidential Assistant for the National Minorities”) had organized this special pangampû at their office in Cagayan de Oro to initiate Col. Navarro, the former provincial commander of the Philippine Constabulary of Bukidnon province, as a “traditional” Bukidnon datu. Despite the unusual occasion, the ceremony was still performed in the traditional way by Datu Manpaanud (José de la Mance; on the left side), Datu Mabandus (on the right side) and Bai Maria Lumilang.

Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental. January 31, 1984.
 

Click on picture for full-sized view (64 kB).


 

View of the main altar (bangkasu, in the foreground) which is dedicated to the deities. Connected to it, there is another altar, or better, long table on which the offerings to be eaten by the community are placed. At all four corners of the main altar there are bamboo platforms attached, upon which betelnut offerings (binangan) are placed. Another kind of betelnut offering called inapugan is shaped like small ice-cream cones, consisting of betel nut pieces covered with lime powder and rolled into leaves. They can be seen on a small plate on the main altar, on which they are arranged in a circle. The food offerings consist of chicken meat, pork and rice as well as herbal wine (“Lapu-Lapu,” “Fighter” and similar brands) as a substitute for the traditional rice wine (pangasi). On the right side, an agung can partly be seen, on the left side a small basket containing coins, paraphernalia of the priest (baylan) as well as amulets. On the blood-soaked bamboo platform on the left side, some intestines are placed to distract the bad spirits from the other offerings.

Kalasungay, Malaybalay, Bukidnon. December 17, 1983, nine o’clock in the morning.
 

Click on picture for full-sized view (73 kB).


 

Songco is a traditional settlement of the Talaandig ruled by Datu Kinulintang. Nevertheless, there are a number of Christian Visayan immigrants in this settlement in the west of Bukidnon province. In a corner of one of their houses, there was this small altar, a typical example of folk Christianity – including a picture of Rizal on a matchbox nailed to the wall below the cross.

Songco, Lantapan, Bukidnon. Around March 10, 1984.
 


Page designed and maintained by Hans Brandeis, Berlin, Germany.
All photographs and information collected by Hans Brandeis in 1976-1993.
Copyright © 1996 by Hans Brandeis. All rights reserved. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.

For comments, please send an e-mail to brandeis[.at.]arcor.de


Created: Sunday, April 28, 1996
Updated: Sunday, December 29, 2002


Back to the Gallery Main Page.

Back to the Hans Brandeis Homepage.